Akụkọ Ojii
| Isiokwu nlebanya | health equity  |
|---|
The Black Report bụ akwụkwọ 1980 nke Department of Health and Social Security (ugbu a Department of Health and Social Care ) na United Kingdom bipụtara, bụ akụkọ nke kọmitii ọkachamara n'ime enweghị ahaghị nhata ahụike nke Sir Douglas Black duziri. E gosipụtara na ọ bụ ezie na, n'ozuzu, ahụike abawanyela kemgbe mmalite nke steeti ọdịmma, enwere enweghị ahaghị nhata ahụike zuru ebe niile. Ọ chọpụtakwara na isi ihe kpatara enweghị ahaghị nhata ndị a bụ ahaghị nhata nke akụ na ụba . Akụkọ ahụ gosipụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ nke ndị ikom nọ na klas V bụ okpukpu abụọ maka ndị ikom nọ na klas nke m na ọdịiche dị n'etiti abụọ ahụ na-abawanye, ọ bụghị ibelata dị ka a tụrụ anya ya.
Ịrụ ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Enyere akụkọ Black ahụ na March 1977 site n'aka David Ennals, odeakwụkwọ nke ndị ọrụ, na-esote mbipụta nke isiokwu nwere peeji abụọ nke Richard G. Wilkinson na New Society, na 16 December 1976, nke isiokwu ya bụ Dear David Ennals . Akụkọ ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dịrị njikere ibipụta na mbido 1979.
Na ntuli aka izugbe na 3 Mee 1979, a họpụtara ndị Conservatives. Ndị ọchịchị Conservative enyeghị akụkọ Black Report ruo 1980. E bipụtara akụkọ Black na August Bank Holiday na naanị mbipụta 260 emere n'ụbọchị maka mgbasa ozi. Okwu mmalite, nke Patrick Jenkin jụrụ "echiche bụ na ihe na-akpata enweghị ahaghị nhata ahụike gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ nke ukwuu na ọ bụ naanị nnukwu na nnukwu mmemme nke mmefu ọha na eze nwere ike ịgbanwe usoro ahụ." O mere ka o doo anya na mmefu ego n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ nke nwere ike ịpụta site na ndụmọdụ akụkọ ahụ - ego a metụtara nwere ike ịbụ ihe karịrị ijeri £ 2 kwa afọ - bụ ihe ezi uche na-adịghị na ya ugbu a ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ọ bụla a na-ahụ anya, ewezuga ikpe ọ bụla nwere ike. guzobe nke ịdị irè nke mmefu dị otú ahụ n'imeso nsogbu ndị a chọpụtara." [1]
Akụkọ ahụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na United Kingdom na esenidụt. O butere nyocha nke Office for Economic Co-Operation and Development na Healthtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa nke enweghị ahaghị nhata ahụike na mba 13. [2]
Mmetụta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Prọfesọ Clare Bambra na 2016 jiri akụkọ ahụ tụnyere akụkọ Acheson na-esote na akụkọ Michael Marmot na-esote. E weputara akụkọ Acheson n'ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị mma karịa nke abụọ. O kwuru na ọ dịkarịa ala n'etiti 1997 na 2003, amụma ahụike n'ofe UK gosipụtara ụfọdụ echiche ndị e depụtara na Black na Acheson Reports. Enwere ike na-ekwusi ike na ọ dị mkpa iji gbochie ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke akụ na ụba nke enweghị ahaghị nhata ahụike yana ntinye aka n'iji atumatu gọọmentị na-agafe agafe iji gboo enweghị nha anya ahụike. Nke kachasị mkpa, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2004, e webakwara ebumnuche mba iji belata ahaghị nhata ahụike site n'ilekwasị anya na ndụ ndụ yana Ọnụ Ọnwụ Nwa ọhụrụ. Ewebata usoro ihe omume - Mpaghara Action Health, Ebe obibi ahụike, Mmemme nkwalite ahụike yana Ọhụụ ọhụrụ maka obodo . Ma, ikekwe n'ihi atụmatụ ndị a, site na 2004 ruo 2007, amụma ahụike ọha na eze si na ndị na-ekpebi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke akụ na ụba na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ ahụike na omume ndụ. Agbagharala ebumnuche ahaghị nhata ahụike n'ofe UK na 2011. Mmetụta nke amụma na ibelata ahaghị nhata ahụike dị obere. [3]
Akwụkwọ ndị emetụtara[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Akwụkwọ Penguin bipụtara mbipụta Black Report dị mkpụmkpụ na 1982, na-eme ka ọ dị ebe niile
Nkwupụta Whitehall nke e bipụtara na 1987 [4] bịarutere otu nkwubi okwu ahụ dị ka akụkọ Black, dị ka Acheson Report mechara na 1998 na Marmot Review [5] na 2010.
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mgbe ha mechara nweghachi ala ha, ndị okpu na-ebufe ndị nwe ụlọ ndị ọzọ nwe nke ụlọ obibi, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-eguzobe otu ụlọ obibi nke obodo bụ nke mechara guzobe otu ụlọ na ndị
- ↑ (August 1980) Inequalities in Health. London: DHSS. Retrieved on 30 December 2016.
- ↑ BMJ Obituary of Sir Douglas Black:"Sir Douglas Black: Professor of medicine whose famous report on inequality and health fell foul of the Thatcher government".
- ↑ Bambra (2016). Health Divides. Bristol: Policy Press, 192–7. ISBN 9781447330356. Retrieved on 30 December 2016.
- ↑ Marmot (May 1987). "Social/Economic Status and Disease". Annual Review of Public Health 8: 111–135. DOI:10.1146/annurev.pu.08.050187.000551. PMID 3555518.
- ↑ Michael Marmot (February 2010). Strategic review of health inequalities in England post 2010 (Marmot Review). Retrieved on 2010-02-15.